World of Peptides
High-level, non-promotional, educational information regarding peptides and related bioactive compounds as discussed in peer-reviewed scientific literature.
Purpose and Scope
This document provides high-level, non-promotional, educational information regarding peptides and related bioactive compounds as discussed in peer-reviewed scientific literature. No statements herein are intended to diagnose, treat, cure, mitigate, or prevent any disease. Regulatory status, permitted uses, and safety profiles vary by jurisdiction.
Definition of Peptides
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. In biological systems, peptides may function as signaling molecules, hormones, or structural components.
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies therapeutic peptides within the broader category of biotherapeutic products, emphasizing standardized nomenclature (INN), quality control, and regulatory evaluation rather than consumer health claims.
WHO – Biologicals and Biotherapeutic ProductsSelected Peptides & Research Context
Explore peer-reviewed research on various peptides, proteins, small molecules, and related compounds.
Showing 83 of 83 compounds
BPC-157
Synthetic pentadecapeptide. Preclinical studies describe involvement in tissue repair signaling and angiogenesis pathways. Human clinical data remain limited.
Cagrilintide
Long-acting amylin analogue under clinical investigation for metabolic research.
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Epithalon
Synthetic tetrapeptide studied in aging biology models.
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GHK-Cu
Copper-binding tripeptide investigated in skin and extracellular matrix research.
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Ipamorelin
Synthetic pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue.
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SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide investigated in clinical research.
Tesamorelin
GHRH analogue evaluated in controlled clinical trials for specific medical indications.
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Thymosin Alpha-1
28-amino-acid peptide studied for immune modulation.
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)
Thymosin beta-4 is an actin-binding peptide studied in cell migration and repair biology (primarily mechanistic/preclinical).
TB-500 Fragment 1-4
Short sequence reference used in some catalogs; peer-reviewed literature is best tracked via sequence/fragment searches.
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TB-500 Fragment 17-23
Short fragment designation used in some research contexts; literature is typically fragment/sequence-specific.
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BPC-157/TB-500 Blend
Combination listing; peer-reviewed evidence is generally discussed at the component level, not as a fixed blend.
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CJC-1295 (no DAC)
GHRH-analogue design investigated for endocrine signaling and pharmacology; 'no DAC' refers to absence of a drug-affinity complex modification.
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CJC-1295 DAC
'DAC' refers to a modification intended to alter pharmacokinetics; literature is primarily pharmacology/endocrinology.
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GHRP-2
Growth hormone releasing peptide class studied for GH-axis signaling and receptor pharmacology.
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GHRP-6
Growth hormone releasing peptide studied for GH-axis signaling.
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Hexarelin
Growth hormone secretagogue peptide studied in endocrine research.
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IGF-1 DES (Des(1-3) IGF-1)
Truncated IGF-1 variant used in research to study receptor binding and signaling differences.
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MGF IGF-1 Ec / MGF Without PEG
'MGF' is commonly discussed as IGF-1 splice variant signaling in muscle biology; naming in catalogs varies.
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ARA-290
EPO-derived peptide design studied for receptor-pathway selectivity and inflammation/neuropathic models in literature.
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B7-33
B7-33 is discussed in relaxin receptor pathway research; literature focuses on signaling and fibrosis-model biology.
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Humanin
Humanin is studied as a mitochondrial-derived peptide with roles in cellular stress response models.
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MOTS-C/Humanin Blend
Combination listing of mitochondrial peptides; evidence is component-based.
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MOTS-C
Studied in metabolic adaptation and stress-response signaling (preclinical + emerging human literature).
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LL-37
Endogenous antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin) studied in innate immune signaling and host defense biology.
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FOXO4-DRI
Designed to probe FOXO4-p53 interaction pathways in senescence models.
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Gonadorelin
Synthetic GnRH used as a research/clinical reference compound in endocrine signaling literature.
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GnRH (Triptorelin)
GnRH agonist studied in endocrine pharmacology.
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PT-141 (Bremelanotide)
Studied in controlled clinical settings for melanocortin receptor pathway pharmacology.
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Oxytocin
Cyclic nonapeptide studied in neuroendocrine signaling; outcomes in behavioral studies vary by design and population.
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KPV
Tripeptide (α-MSH fragment) studied in inflammation-pathway models, particularly epithelial/gut models.
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Semax
Discussed in Russian-origin literature and neurobiology research contexts; evidence base varies by indication and publication source.
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Selank
Neuropeptide analogue studied in neurobiology research contexts.
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Selank/Semax Blend
Combination listing of neuropeptide analogues; evidence is component-based.
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Selank Amidate
Amidated variant typically referring to C-terminal amidation or stability-oriented modifications; verify exact structure per COA/spec sheet.
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SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3)
Often discussed in cosmetic science contexts; peer-reviewed coverage is limited and sometimes industry-driven.
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Thymalin
Thymus-derived peptide complex (bioregulator); standardization varies across literature.
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Thymulin
Thymic peptide hormone studied in T-cell maturation and thymic endocrine signaling.
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Thymogen
Bioregulator peptide; verify exact sequence/identity per supplier documentation.
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Bioregulator Peptides (Vesugen, Vesilute, Livagen, Ovagen, Pancragen, Prostamax, Testagen, Crystagen, Cardiogen, CardioCytogen, Bronchogen, Chonluten, Cartalax, Cortagen, Cortexin)
Proprietary/categorized bioregulators; scientific validation and standardization depend on exact peptide composition and publication source.
Semaglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist extensively studied in randomized clinical trials in metabolic research contexts.
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Tirzepatide
Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist studied in clinical trials for metabolic research.
Liraglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in clinical settings.
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Dulaglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in clinical trials.
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Cagrilintide + Semaglutide
Combination strategy (amylin analogue + GLP-1 RA); evidence is trial-specific.
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Retatrutide
Multi-receptor agonist; investigational peptide therapeutic.
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Mazdutide
Incretin/glucagon-axis peptide therapeutic; investigational.
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Survodutide
GLP-1/glucagon axis peptide therapeutic; investigational.
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Setmelanotide
MC4R agonist studied in regulated drug context.
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Melanotan II
Melanocortin receptor agonist; discussed in pharmacology and safety literature. Product identity/quality is a frequent concern outside regulated systems.
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Melanotan-I (Afamelanotide)
Melanocortin pathway peptide therapeutic; regulated drug context in some jurisdictions.
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HGH 10 IU (Human Growth Hormone)
191-amino-acid protein hormone; 'IU' denotes dosing units in medical products.
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IGF-1 LR3
Protein/peptide growth factor analogue studied in research.
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HMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin)
Biologic hormone preparation with FSH/LH activity.
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HCG
Glycoprotein hormone (biologic) studied in endocrine research.
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ACE-031
ActRIIB-Fc fusion protein discussed in myostatin/activin pathway modulation research.
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Myostatin / GDF-8
Protein growth factor (TGF-β family) studied in muscle biology.
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VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
Neuropeptide/peptide hormone studied in neuroendocrine research.
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Dihexa
AngIV-related small molecule discussed in HGF/c-Met pathway research; literature includes concerns about retractions/quality.
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SLU-PP-332
ERR agonist; small molecule studied in metabolic research.
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5-Amino-1MQ
NNMT inhibitor; small molecule studied in metabolic contexts.
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MK-677 (Ibutamoren)
Ghrelin mimetic; small molecule studied in growth hormone secretagogue research.
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Tesofensine
Small molecule studied in metabolic research.
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AOD-9604
HGH fragment 176-191 derivative studied in metabolic research.
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HGH Fragment 176-191
Peptide fragment studied in metabolic research.
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Follistatin 344 (FST-344)
Follistatin isoform; larger protein context studied in muscle biology.
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FGL Peptide (Fibroblast Growth Loop)
May map to neural adhesion/FG loop peptides in literature.
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Dermorphin
Opioid peptide from amphibian skin; used as a research tool.
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Adipotide / FTPP
Fat targeted proapoptotic peptide studied in research.
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PN5
Research peptide; identity must be verified per supplier.
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PNC-27 / PNC-28
Research peptides studied in p53/HDM-2 interaction literature.
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P21 (CNTF-derived)
Neurotrophic pathway probe derived from CNTF.
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MIF-1
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor; neuroactive peptide.
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NAD+
Central redox/metabolic cofactor in energy metabolism literature; clinical outcomes depend on context and are often studied via precursors.
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L-Carnitine
Amino acid derivative studied in metabolic research.
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Bacteriostatic Water
Sterile water with benzyl alcohol preservative used as a diluent in controlled pharmaceutical/compounding contexts.
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Acetic Acid 0.6%
Laboratory reagent used as reconstitution solution for peptide stability.
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KLOW Blend (KPV/BPC-157/TB-500/GHK)
Multi-component blend; scientific support is component-based; blend identity/ratio is supplier-defined.
GLOW Blend (BPC-157/TB-500/GHK-Cu)
Multi-component blend; evidence is component-based.
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CJC-1295 DAC/Ipamorelin Blend
Combination of GHRH analogue with growth hormone secretagogue.
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CJC-1295 No DAC/Ipamorelin Blend
Combination of GHRH analogue (no DAC) with growth hormone secretagogue.
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GLOW 3.0 / Advanced Multi-Component Research Blend
Multi-component research listing; provide component list and PubMed links per component.
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